With so many funds available, it is important to learn how to protect your investments. However, since the financial crisis, we have seen a new breed of fund launched onto the market. Many, if not all, claim to be the alternative to traditional investments and the answer to volatility, downside risk, and market corrections. On the face of it, they may look attractive, but what lies beneath the ‘straplines’, and how should one go about assessing how reliable they really are? It seems that every other day a new investment scandal hits the headlines. Whether it is pension busting in terms of QROPS, or the collapse of poorly managed funds, the result is always negative for the financial services industry. In my opinion, the choice of underlying funds appear to follow a similar pattern in that none would pass the 4-layers test on how to protect your investments. I always apply these when recommending investment products and services. Let’s look at these in a bit more detail:
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Domicile
All funds have to be domiciled somewhere; however, territories vary enormously in terms of investor protection legislation. Within Europe, we have an almost unlimited choice of funds and have access to some of the most protected territories in the world. Why would anyone wish to invest in funds based in faraway territories such as the British Virgin Isles or the Caymans that don’t have robust investor protection? Although there are many funds based in these territories which are well managed and have good track records, it is an unfortunate fact that many ‘duds’ are also based there. On the other hand, most Western Europe and associated offshore territories such as the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man have strong investor protection and established processes and procedures to follow should anything go wrong.
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Status of funds
Beware of unregulated funds. If a fund is a ’UCIS’ (Unregulated Collective Investment Scheme), your right to protection becomes severely limited irrespective of where the fund might be domiciled. Indeed, the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK has banned the sale of such funds to anyone with less than £250,000 to invest or to individuals who earn less than £100,000 per annum. This type of fund should only be purchased by ‘sophisticated investors’ who can demonstrate that they fully understand the structure and are willing to waive any rights of redress should one fail. We have witnessed many such funds collapse or close their doors to redemptions in recent years. Sometimes it is easy to see the hidden risks from the outset. Still, all too often, these funds are marketed using emotive language and pledges of guaranteed returns and capital protection. Remember, it’s always easy to get into these funds but often difficult to get out when things go wrong. The fund managers are always well ahead of the general public and will close a fund long before you will be able to get your money out. As a rule of thumb, you should be very careful when offered esoteric investments such as those which use excessive leverage (borrowing), have limited liquidity, or depend on markets you can’t possibly be familiar with. Examples such as fine wines, off-plan property overseas, and loans to lawyers are recent examples; however, there are many more out there.
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The financial strength of the investment provider
It goes without saying that the company that manages or holds your investments should have an enviable track record and the financial strength to be able to provide redress if/when problems arise (assuming they are at fault, of course). Sadly, almost all of the funds and investments we’ve seen fail recently have no such protection in place, as many are start-ups that depend entirely on their particular theme working as designed to do. As mentioned previously, funds can be closed very quickly, and the main perpetrators of the failure can disappear into the ether. One indicator of financial strength is that of liquidity. In other words, how quickly can you redeem your investment? If a fund is traded daily, you should always be able to access your cash with a minimum of delay. However, if your funds are valued on a weekly or even monthly basis, you are taking additional risks which should, in most cases, be avoided. Some funds even have a 3 month redemption period, which means that you may have to wait quite a while before getting your money back. Well-managed equity and bond funds are priced daily; this doesn’t protect you from adverse market movements. You can, however, be confident that your money isn’t going to be locked away for an indeterminate time. I am aware of funds that closed more than 3 years ago; some are still inaccessible with no sign of any immediate change.
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Choose your adviser carefully
Unfortunately, we hear stories of unscrupulous advisers all too often. You should always question if you are advised to invest in an asset class such as property in the Ivory Coast. Could it be that the adviser is being paid an extra commission? You bet it is! These commission payments are known as ‘soft commissions’. This is a rather warm and fuzzy description of extra payments made to advisers for funds that may well end up having a hard and nasty fall. The EU has introduced new regulations banning this form of commission payment from 2015 onwards; it is about time too! I predict we will see a severe drop-off in the purchase of such funds as adviser inducements are withdrawn. In general, equity and bond fund managers do not offer extra commissions when investments are managed within an insurance wrapper or fund platform. Advisers are remunerated either on a fee basis or commission paid by the product provider. Good advisers will earn their fare using some combination of commissions, fees, and ongoing advice payments. It isn’t rude to ask your adviser how he/she is remunerated. Remember, all non-standard funds pay soft commissions; you have a right to know what this amounts to. There’s not a lot an adviser can do after the event if asked to try to unravel problem portfolios; you should therefore make sure you do everything you can from the outset to protect yourself.
Conclusion
The 4 layers test on how to protect your investments described above is the bare minimum you should expect. There are additional indicators that would raise alarm bells. In particular, never purchase an investment emanating from a cold call. The very worst of the investment scams we see all start this way. I can clearly remember a client telling me about a call he received from a ‘boiler room’ in Spain just after the first Gulf War. The pitch was for ‘penny shares’ in a fictitious American company which the caller claimed had invented the smart technology that enabled ‘precision bombing’. He boasted that these shares were just about to take off and that my client’s money would multiply by 10 or more times if he were to invest. It turned out to be a complete con; had my client invested in it, he would have lost everything. If an adviser cannot qualify any of the 4 layers previously mentioned, you should pause for thought before investing. There are always other investments that are better protected to choose from and any number of advisers. Finally, you should remember the old investment maxim: if it looks too good to be true, it probably is!
Phil Loughton (Axis Strategy Consultants)